6 x 1 hour lessons

This module builds a rigorous picture of how atoms bond and how bonding determines structure and properties. You’ll start with electronegativity and bond type, then cover ionic, metallic, covalent and coordinate (dative) bonding, including σ/π bonds and hybridisation. We then use VSEPR to predict shapes and angles, and finish with intermolecular forces and accurate dot-and-cross representations (including expanded octets and odd-electron species).

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By the end of this module you will be able to:

• define electronegativity, explain its trends, and use it to predict bond type, bond polarity and molecular dipoles

• describe and represent ionic bonding; relate lattice structure to melting point, solubility and conductivity

• define metallic bonding and relate delocalised electrons to conductivity and malleability

• describe covalent and coordinate (dative) bonding with correct dot-and-cross diagrams and examples

• explain σ and π bonding via orbital overlap; use sp, sp², sp³ hybridisation to account for shapes and bonding

• apply VSEPR to state and predict molecular shapes and bond angles for the required examples and analogous ions

• describe intermolecular forces (id-id/London, pd-pd, hydrogen bonding), and use them to explain trends in b.p./m.p., solubility, surface tension and the anomalies of water

• produce accurate dot-and-cross diagrams for required species, including expanded octets and odd-electron species

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CIE Syllabus Points (9701):

• 3.1 Electronegativity and bonding

• 3.2 Ionic bonding

• 3.3 Metallic bonding

• 3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

• 3.5 Shapes of molecules

• 3.6 Intermolecular forces, electronegativity and bond properties

• 3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams